The parks and gardens in Bratislava have formed a part of the landscape of the capital of

Slovakia Slovakia (; sk, Slovensko ), officially the Slovak Republic ( sk, Slovenská republika, links=no ), is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Hungary to the south, Austria to the s ...

since the

Middle Ages In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire a ...

. Some of the historical gardens of

Bratislava Bratislava (, also ; ; german: Preßburg/Pressburg ; hu, Pozsony) is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Slovakia. Officially, the population of the city is about 475,000; however, it is estimated to be more than 660,000 — approxim ...

had such architectonic value that they were widely known outside of the city and well beyond the borders of the

Kingdom of Hungary The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from the Middle Ages into the 20th century. The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen ...

. Perhaps the best known garden in the city's history was the

renaissance The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries, characterized by an effort to revive and surpass ideas ...

Pálffy Garden, with its famous landmark, a centuries-old linden tree encased in a wooden terrace frame, seven floors in height. Today, Bratislava's most famous park is

Sad Janka Kráľa Sadness is an emotional pain associated with, or characterized by, feelings of disadvantage, loss, despair, grief, helplessness, disappointment and sorrow. An individual experiencing sadness may become quiet or lethargic, and withdraw them ...

, established in 1774-1776 it is the oldest public park in

Central Europe Central Europe is an area of Europe between Western Europe and Eastern Europe, based on a common historical, social and cultural identity. The Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) between Catholicism and Protestantism significantly shaped the area' ...

. There are over 20 different caretakers of parks in Bratislava and all of the parks and gardens in the city lack long-term and consistent care. The level of park maintenance is low and the parks often lack functioning pathways, benches and lightning.

Gothic gardens

There is basically no textual or pictorial evidence about gardens and parks from the

Early Middle Ages The Early Middle Ages (or early medieval period), sometimes controversially referred to as the Dark Ages, is typically regarded by historians as lasting from the late 5th or early 6th century to the 10th century. They marked the start of the Mi ...

and before. It wasn't until the

High Middle Ages The High Middle Ages, or High Medieval Period, was the periodization, period of European history that lasted from AD 1000 to 1300. The High Middle Ages were preceded by the Early Middle Ages and were followed by the Late Middle Ages, which ended ...

that gardens and parks expanded beyond the smallish utility gardens close to medieval

cloisters A cloister (from Latin ''claustrum'', "enclosure") is a covered walk, open gallery, or open arcade running along the walls of buildings and forming a quadrangle or garth. The attachment of a cloister to a cathedral or church, commonly against a ...

and started to appear near

castle A castle is a type of fortified structure built during the Middle Ages predominantly by the nobility or royalty and by military orders. Scholars debate the scope of the word ''castle'', but usually consider it to be the private fortified r ...

s, feudal mansions and rich citizens'

townhouse A townhouse, townhome, town house, or town home, is a type of terraced housing. A modern townhouse is often one with a small footprint on multiple floors. In a different British usage, the term originally referred to any type of city residence ...

s. In Bratislava (known under many different names), the medieval cloisters of

Cistercians The Cistercians, () officially the Order of Cistercians ( la, (Sacer) Ordo Cisterciensis, abbreviated as OCist or SOCist), are a Catholic religious order of monks and nuns that branched off from the Benedictines and follow the Rule of Saint ...

Franciscan The Franciscans are a group of related Mendicant orders, mendicant Christianity, Christian Catholic religious order, religious orders within the Catholic Church. Founded in 1209 by Italian Catholic friar Francis of Assisi, these orders include t ...

s, Order of

Poor Clares The Poor Clares, officially the Order of Saint Clare ( la, Ordo sanctae Clarae) – originally referred to as the Order of Poor Ladies, and later the Clarisses, the Minoresses, the Franciscan Clarist Order, and the Second Order of Saint Francis ...

and Order of

Anthony the Great Anthony the Great ( grc-gre, Ἀντώνιος ''Antṓnios''; ar, القديس أنطونيوس الكبير; la, Antonius; ; c. 12 January 251 – 17 January 356), was a Christian monk from Egypt, revered since his death as a saint. He is d ...

had small utility gardens and the Franciscans and Poor Clares Order also had so-called ''paradise gardens''. Bratislava's oldest surviving city plan is the Marquart plan, which was drawn by Michael Marquart Dissin. It dates from 1765, when the city was known as Pressburg or Poszony and its official name is ''GRUND = RIS Der KoenigL. Freyen Stadt Presburg. Mit beygefúgten Nahmen, aller inn = und Ausserlichen Kirchen, Cloester, Tehoere, Gassen und Häuser, So Anno 1765 Aufgenomen Worden ist'' ( en, Ground plan of King's free city of Pressburg with attached names of all churches, cloisters, gates, streets and houses in both the inner and outer city as captured in 1765). There are few detailed descriptions of the parks and gardens in the city that existed prior to that date. The Marquart plan shows both the houses and parcels of land within Bratislava's mediaeval city walls and all the surrounding properties that were located outside the walls. The plots of land belonging to

Bratislava Castle Bratislava Castle ( sk, Bratislavský hrad, ; german: Pressburger Burg; hu, Pozsonyi vár) is the main castle of Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia. The massive rectangular building with four corner towers stands on an isolated rocky hill ...

are only shown schematically, showing which parcels are built upon. The Marquart plan is a colorful map hand-drawn on four pieces of paper glued together to form one canvas of 1249 x 84

centimeter 330px, Different lengths as in respect to the Electromagnetic spectrum, measured by the Metre and its deriveds scales. The Microwave are in-between 1 meter to 1 millimeter. A centimetre (international spelling) or centimeter (American spellin ...

s. It features numerous items besides the map itself - scale, author's signature, coat of arms of the

, City of Pressburg,

Hungarian crown The Hungarian Crown ( pl, Korona Węgierska) was a part of the Polish Crown Jewels. It was made in the 16th century, resembling the Crown of Saint Stephen, as a private crown of John II Sigismund Zápolya. History The original Hungarian Regali ...

, ''Explication in Der Stadt'' - a list of streets and buildings in the inner city, ''Explication in Denen Vorsted'' - a list of streets and buildings in the suburbs. All texts inside the map are in

German language German ( ) is a West Germanic languages, West Germanic language mainly spoken in Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and Official language, official or co-official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and the Ita ...

and

Latin language Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through ...

. There are four originally Gothic gardens inside the walled city depicted in the Marquart plan: *

cloister garden - used partially for growing vegetables and herbs, but also for prayer and meditation. *

Ursulines The Ursulines, also known as the Order of Saint Ursula (post-nominals: OSU), is an enclosed religious order of consecrated women that branched off from the Angelines, also known as the Company of Saint Ursula, in 1572. Like the Angelines, they t ...

cloister garden - used partially for growing vegetables and herbs, but also for prayer and meditation. * Prepošt Palace garden on Kapitulská Street - the last relic of a relatively large medieval garden that was part of a Royal residence in the 14th and 15th centuries. It was used by

Universitas Istropolitana The Universitas Istropolitana (since the 16th century frequently – but incorrectly – referred to as Academia Istropolitana) in Bratislava ( hu, Pozsony / german: Pressburg) was arguably the third university to be found in the Kingdom of Hungar ...

at the end of the 15th century. A tiny patch of this garden survived until today behind the ground floor of the Prepošt Palace wing. * unnamed garden surrounded by buildings on Kapitulská Street, Ventúrska Street, Prepoštská Street and Farská Street - the garden belonged to a townhouse that stood at the place of today's De Pauly house or Wittmann house which today, after reconstruction, serves the University Library of Bratislava. In the 21st century the remains of a medieval garden house were discovered inside the garden. The garden survived in its original size until today, and it is known as the Liszt Garden.

Renaissance gardens

The two greatest

Renaissance The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries, characterized by an effort to revive and surpass ideas ...

gardens were the demolished Pálffy Garden and the Lippay Garden, which has partially survived. Written data relating to the green space between the Castle and the 'Palisades' dates back the 17th century. Situated on the slopes of the hills of the Small

Carpathian Mountains The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians () are a range of mountains forming an arc across Central Europe. Roughly long, it is the third-longest European mountain range after the Urals at and the Scandinavian Mountains at . The range stretches ...

, the area featured Carpathian

oak An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus ''Quercus'' (; Latin "oak tree") of the beech family, Fagaceae. There are approximately 500 extant species of oaks. The common name "oak" also appears in the names of species in related genera, notably ''L ...

and

hornbeam Hornbeams are hardwood trees in the flowering plant genus ''Carpinus'' in the birch family Betulaceae. The 30–40 species occur across much of the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Origin of names The common English name ''hornbeam' ...

forests, fruit gardens,

vineyards A vineyard (; also ) is a plantation of grape-bearing vines, grown mainly for winemaking, but also raisins, table grapes and non-alcoholic grape juice. The science, practice and study of vineyard production is known as viticulture. Vineyards ...

and renowned flower gardens. The gardens contained so-called 'old horse chestnut' trees, often planted into tree alleys. They also contained native oak and linden trees, which have proved to be long-lived. The north-west slope of Bratislava Castle's hill contained three important gardens, Pálffy, Prepostská and Jesenák.

Pálffy Garden

The Pálffy Garden ( sk, Pálffyho záhrada, german: Pálffygarten, hu, Pálffykert) was a 17th-century

garden belonging to the

Pálffy ab Erdöd The House of Pálffy ab Erdöd, also known as ''Pálffy von Erdöd'', ''Pálffy de Erdöd'', or ''Pálffy of Erdöd'', is the name of a Hungarian noble family. Several members of the family held significant positions in the Habsburg monarchy. H ...

family that was located on the slopes of

Bratislava Foothills Bratislava Foothills ( sk, Bratislavské predhorie) is a small mountain range located in Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia. It is part of the Devín Carpathians mountain range, located in the northwest of the city. Mean altitude of the mountai ...

north of the walled city of Bratislava and east of the

. Until the 19th century, it was considered to be unique and it used to be described as the pride of both Bratislava and the whole

. In the 1630s,

Pál Pálffy Pál Pálffy ab Erdőd ( hu, erdődi Pálffy Pál, german: Paul Pálffy von Erdöd; 19 January 1592 Červený Kameň Castle, Castle of Vöröskő, Kingdom of Hungary – 26 November 1653 Pressburg, Kingdom of Hungary) was a Hungarian noble and Pal ...

( hu, Pál III Pálffy), a

palatine of Hungary The Palatine of Hungary ( hu, nádor or , german: Landespalatin, la, palatinus regni Hungariae) was the highest-ranking office in the Kingdom of Hungary from the beginning of the 11th century to 1848. Initially, Palatines were represe ...

, was charged with reconstructing the Bratislava Castle. He decided to build a palace for himself on the castle hill in the area of Podhradie. In around 1640, he bought extensive vineyards on the slopes of the

Little Carpathians The Little Carpathians (also: ''Lesser Carpathians'', sk, Malé Karpaty; german: Kleine Karpaten; hu, Kis-Kárpátok) are a low, about 100 km long, mountain range, part of the Carpathian Mountains. The mountains are situated in Western Slov ...

next to his palace and turned them into garden terraces, reinforced with walls. Some of the remnants of these walls still exist on Zochova Street and Svoradova Street. They are the oldest walls in Bratislava outside of the fortifications of the city and Bratislava Castle's fortification system. The garden was located between today's Zámocká Street, Škarniclova Street,

Palisády Street Palisády Street ( sk, Palisády) is a major street in Bratislava's Old Town connecting Hodžovo námestie and Bratislava Castle in the Slovakia's capital. The street is served by public transport trolleybusses. Near the Bratislava Castle and N ...

, Zochova Street and Pilárikova Street. It was a very long but quite narrow

terraced In agriculture, a terrace is a piece of sloped plane that has been cut into a series of successively receding flat surfaces or platforms, which resemble steps, for the purposes of more effective farming. This type of landscaping is therefore ...

garden almost in area and it was located on a hillside. It consisted mostly of terraces and tree alleys. The garden was first styled as a

french garden The French formal garden, also called the (), is a style of garden based on symmetry and the principle of imposing order on nature. Its epitome is generally considered to be the Gardens of Versailles designed during the 17th century by the ...

but it was later turned in an

english garden The English landscape garden, also called English landscape park or simply the English garden (french: Jardin à l'anglaise, it, Giardino all'inglese, german: Englischer Landschaftsgarten, pt, Jardim inglês, es, Jardín inglés), is a sty ...

. The spacious garden contained several exotic plants,

grottos A grotto is a natural or artificial cave used by humans in both modern times and antiquity, and historically or prehistorically. Naturally occurring grottoes are often small caves near water that are usually flooded or often flooded at high ti ...

, statues and fountains. It was divided into several parts. Its most striking attraction was a massive linden tree that was completely surrounded by wooden

scaffolding Scaffolding, also called scaffold or staging, is a temporary structure used to support a work crew and materials to aid in the construction, maintenance and repair of buildings, bridges and all other man-made structures. Scaffolds are widely use ...

and which allowed Count Pálffy's guests to admire the scent of linden flowers while enjoying the spectacular view. The tree is depicted on a 1735 copperplate by M. Engelbrecht and F. B. Werner. The construction that surrounded the tree was onion-shaped and seven floors high. In 1801, the garden was opened to the public. It became a popular place for social gatherings but by the end of the 19th century, it became neglected and became frequented only by the city poor. In 1905, historian Tivadar Ortvay describes the Pálffy Garden as a decrepit public garden, with plans for its demolition and division into construction lots. The garden featured the Pálffy Hall, which served as a

riding hall A riding hall, indoor arena, indoor school (UK English), or indoor ring (US English) is a building (part of an equestrian facility) that is specially designed for indoor horse riding. Smaller, private buildings contain only space for riding, whi ...

, housed public happenings, cultural events, and briefly also theatrical productions. The Hall was demolished in 1893 and replaced by the State Real School (today the building of

Academy of Performing Arts in Bratislava The Academy of Performing Arts in Bratislava ( sk, Vysoká škola múzických umení v Bratislave, abbr. VŠMU) is a university founded on June 9, 1949. The university consists of three faculties: *''Theatre Faculty'' (Acting, Directing, Dramat ...

). Soon afterwards, other buildings started to be built within the garden next to it – Jewish schools, a maternity hospital, school for midwives and a children's shelter. After 1900, the garden was gradually replaced by new schools and

campuses A campus is traditionally the land on which a college or university and related institutional buildings are situated. Usually a college campus includes libraries, lecture halls, residence halls, student centers or dining halls, and park-like se ...

. Today, the last remaining remnant of the garden is a large hole near Podjavorinskej Street. The remainders of what was a large gardening enterprise can still be seen in the area.

Prepoštská Garden

The Prepoštská Garden ( sk, Prepoštská záhrada, Prepoštský dvor) was a large garden located between Pálffy Garden and Heindl Garden, at the end of today's Kozia Street. Podjavorinskej Street is located within the garden's boundaries. It was grown with

and

fruit tree A fruit tree is a tree which bears fruit that is consumed or used by animals and humans — all trees that are flowering plants produce fruit, which are the ripened ovaries of flowers containing one or more seeds. In horticultural usage, ...

s but also contained homestead buildings, some ploughed land and a vegetable shop, both leased out. Also, herbs were grown in this garden which were subscribed and delivered to the neighboring Slubek's distillery ( sk, Slubekov liehovar a likérka). After the garden was divided into parcels, a new street was created at its place, named after Pressburg citizen, merchant and banker Teodor Edl - Edlova Street (today Podjavorinskej Street), and it was gradually replaced by houses on Zochova Street and Kozia Street.

Jesenák Garden

Jesenák Garden was located at the north-east point of Prepoštská Garden and it belonged to

baron Baron is a rank of nobility or title of honour, often hereditary, in various European countries, either current or historical. The female equivalent is baroness. Typically, the title denotes an aristocrat who ranks higher than a lord or knig ...

Jan Jesenák. It was famous for its

linden trees ''Tilia'' is a genus of about 30 species of trees or bushes, native throughout most of the temperate Northern Hemisphere. The tree is known as linden for the European species, and basswood for North American species. In Britain and Ireland they ...

Lippay Garden

This garden was acquired between the years 1607 to 1616 by the archbishop of

Esztergom Esztergom ( ; german: Gran; la, Solva or ; sk, Ostrihom, known by alternative names) is a city with county rights in northern Hungary, northwest of the capital Budapest. It lies in Komárom-Esztergom County, on the right bank of the river Danu ...

František Forgách as the place of the future summer residence of the Hungarian Pimates' (highest ranking church officials in the country at that time). Archbishop Georg Lippay (who was archbishop from 1642 to 1666) had the garden converted into a

garden of Eden by filling it with exotic plants and trees,

fountain A fountain, from the Latin "fons" (genitive "fontis"), meaning source or Spring (hydrology), spring, is a decorative reservoir used for discharging water. It is also a structure that jets water into the air for a decorative or dramatic effect. ...

s that used water taken from the mountain springs, artificial caves and a big water pool where horses used to bathe. The garden's masterpiece was a garden pavilion with walls encased in mosaic and streams of water flowing through a musical instrument similar to an organ. The structure even had streams of water ejected upwards from the roof. This garden's configuration did not last long and already in the 1730s parts of the garden's fountains started to appear in various other fountains in Bratislava. The pavilion did not survive this period either. Lippay also had a new summer residence built on this property sometime during his tenure as archbishop.

Baroque gardens

The most important

Baroque The Baroque (, ; ) is a style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished in Europe from the early 17th century until the 1750s. In the territories of the Spanish and Portuguese empires including t ...

gardens in Bratislava are the Koch Garden, which is inaccessible to the public, the Grassalkovich Garden and the Medical Garden.

Koch Garden

Koch Garden is a protected area on Partizánska Street in Bratislava, established in the 1930s as part of the Karol Koch Sanatorium complex. It contains a large pool and many items of garden architecture such as benches, staircases, artificial hills, statues and winding walkways. Slovak

botanist Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek wo ...

and dendrologist Jozef Mišák established an extremely varied and exotic garden. His goal was to achieve the garden's green look all around the year. The garden originally included 120 species of trees. Today, it is an important

bird Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweigh ...

nesting site in the city, because of its virtual lack of human presence.

Current issues

Since 1993 all formerly municipal green areas are taken care of by the 17 city boroughs. Currently, the most endangered park in Bratislava is the Park on Belopotockého Street. After 15 years of civic activity to save the park, as of 2012, there is no construction at the place of the park, but the park itself is destroyed.

Future park construction

On Komenského square (formerly Pállfy square) behind the old building of the

Slovak National Theatre The Slovak National Theater ( sk, Slovenské národné divadlo, abbr. SND) is the oldest professional theatre in Slovakia, consisting of three ensembles: opera, ballet, and drama. Its history begins shortly after the establishment of the first ...

, there used to be a small city park. In 1972 the addition to the National Theatre was finished here and the rest of the former park was converted into an asphalt parking lot. During Slovakia's European Union presidency in 2016 the parking lot was assigned for the special needs of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and after the presidency ended, there were plans to turn the area back into a pocket city park. City of Bratislava planned to construct the park (named Park Komenského) in 2018 but nobody entered the competition to construct it. The park will be constructed in 2019 by the company ERPOS at the cost of 375,260.32 euro. In April 2011, the Mayor of Karlova Ves Iveta Hanulíková publicly presented a plan to establish a new park in the

Karlova Ves Karlova Ves ( hu, Károlyújfalu, german: Karlsdorf) is a borough in the city of Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia. It is located in the western part of the city close to the river Danube on the slopes of the Little Carpathians mountains and i ...

district of Bratislava, located in an area called Riviéra next to Karloveská Street between the Shell gas station and the Allianz company building. The park (named Mestský park pri Karloveskej ulici) will be constructed in 2019 by the company MBM-GROUP at the cost of 289,393.45 euro.

List of Bratislava's parks

The following is a list of parks and gardens in Bratislava:

Parkettes Parkettes National Gymnastics Training Center, or Parkettes for short, is a gymnastics club located in Allentown, Pennsylvania that had its beginnings in the early 1960s with a middle school gymnastics program in Allentown that gradually grew into ...

: Other places considered to be parks:
''(Squares)'' * Americké námestie * Hviezdoslavovo námestie * Kollárovo námestie *

Námestie Slobody Námestie Slobody'' ( en, Freedom Square)'', locally referred to as Gottko, is a major city square in the Old Town of Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia. It is situated in the wider city center, close to Kollárovo square and in front of the Sum ...

* Nobelovo námestie * Šafárikovo námestie ''(Riverbanks)'' *

Park kultúry a oddychu Park kultúry a oddychu abbreviated PKO ( en, Park of Culture and Relaxation) and in the past commonly referred to as ''Pekáč'' was a complex of buildings in Bratislava, Slovakia on the Bratislava Riverfront by the Danube, built in 1954 and de ...

(Staré Mesto) * Rázusovo nábrežie (Staré Mesto) * Fajnorovo nábrežie (Staré Mesto) * Vajanského nábrežie (Staré Mesto) * Dvořákovo nábrežie (Staré Mesto) * Nábrežie arm. gen. L. Svobodu (Staré Mesto) * Tyršovo nábrežie (Petržalka) * Slovanské nábrežie (Devín) ''(Other)'' *

Bratislava Zoo The Bratislava Zoo ( sk, Zoologická záhrada Bratislava) is a zoo in Bratislava, Slovakia. It is located in the area of Mlynská dolina in the borough Karlova Ves. Opened in 1960, it is the second oldest zoo in Slovakia. The zoo covers an area o ...

Botanical Garden of the Comenius University Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek w ...

The list does not include the city's cemeteries and children's playgrounds. Dunajské luhy 8 July 2007

Protected landscape areas

Little Carpathians Protected Landscape Area Little Carpathians Protected Landscape Area ( sk, Chránená krajinná oblasť Malé Karpaty) is one of the 14 protected landscape areas in Slovakia. The Landscape Area is situated in the Little Carpathians, part of the Carpathian Mountains, in W ...

Devínska Kobyla Devínska Kobyla (; hu, Dévényi-tető; german: Thebener Kogel) is the highest peak in the Devín Carpathians, part of the Little Carpathians mountain range, and the highest point of Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia. It is located between t ...

National Nature Reserve ** Sandberg Nature Reserve * Dunajské luhy * Sihoť island

Gallery

File:Lanovka Kamzik.jpg, Cableway to Kamzík in the

Bratislava Forest Park Bratislava (, also ; ; german: Preßburg/Pressburg ; hu, Pozsony) is the capital and largest city of Slovakia. Officially, the population of the city is about 475,000; however, it is estimated to be more than 660,000 — approximately 140% of ...

File:Fountain in Medic Garden in Bratislava, Bratislava I District.jpg, Medic Garden File:Statue Račianske mýto Bratislava.JPG, Račianske mýto, edge of the park File:Gotická veža z Františkánskeho kostola v Sade Janka Kráľa 2.jpg, Gothic tower in

, originally from the Franciscan Church in the

Old Town In a city or town, the old town is its historic or original core. Although the city is usually larger in its present form, many cities have redesignated this part of the city to commemorate its origins after thorough renovations. There are ma ...

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parks and gardens in Bratislava Parks in Bratislava